Finish the sentences with information from the interview.

Why Do Some People Feel Hotter or Colder Than Others?

1. In offices and homes there are familiar debates about ……… .

2. The main regulator of body temperature is ………. .

3. We feel hotter when ………. .

4. The differences in how we experience the same temperature are also caused by …….. .

5-7. Women tend to feel cold more often than men because ………  and because ………. and also because ………. .

8. Older people feel cold more often because ……… .

9. No wonder, arguments about temperature settings are so frequent as ………. .

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39,900Ft Original price was: 39,900Ft.29,900FtCurrent price is: 29,900Ft.

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Transcript: 

Why Do Some People Feel Hotter or Colder Than Others?

Host: When people’s temperature preferences are wildly different, it affects their social interactions — at workplaces, house parties, or even in the bedrooms we share with partners. Fierce debates about air conditioner and thermostat settings in offices and homes are familiar. This afternoon we talk to Michael Davidson, PhD, a clinical neuropsychologist, and an expert on the issue. If everyone’s body temperature stays somewhere around 37 degrees Celsius, why do we feel temperatures so differently?

MD: Well, the circulatory system is the main regulator of body temperature. So, anything that interferes with circulation can influence to what extent we feel hot or cold when others don’t.

H: So, what specific factors can influence our perceptions of temperature?

MD: If you’re stressed, your autonomic nervous system kicks in, causing blood to move toward your body’s core organs, making you feel hotter. Consuming spicy foods, caffeine, and alcohol can also raise our heart rates, making us feel hot and sweaty.

H: What about the differences in our physical makeup? I would suppose they also play a role here.

MD: Yes, certainly. Our diverse body shapes and sizes are also responsible for differences in how we experience the same temperature. If something is bigger and you’re waiting for it to cool down, it will take longer to cool down because the heat sink is larger.

H: Women tend to feel cold more often than men. Why is that?

MD: Women typically have less muscle mass and evaporate less heat through the pores in their skin, making them feel colder than men in a room with the same air temperature. Research also suggests women’s body temperatures are often higher than men’s, and when one’s body is warm, colder air feels even cooler.

H: Older people also complain of feeling cold more often.

MD: Well, there is a reason for that, too. Even when bodies are the same size, the amount of body fat inside can vary and affect how cold or hot we feel in comparison to others. The greater the amount of body fat, the warmer one feels. Older people often might feel colder than younger people, as the fat layer under the skin that conserves heat becomes thinner with age. Similarly, people who have inadequate body fat, for instance, due to an illness like anorexia, may also feel colder than people with sufficient or excess fat stores.

H: Are there other factors that play a role here?

MD: Oh yes. A lot of them, indeed. For instance, anything that affects our metabolism — the process of converting food to energy — also affects our perception of temperature. Often, women have a lower metabolic rate than men, which means their bodies produce less heat, making them feel colder.

H: I see. So actually, with so many factors influencing our perception of temperatures, it’s no wonder we find ourselves arguing so often on the temperature settings of air conditioners and thermostats.

Key:

Why Do Some People Feel Hotter or Colder Than Others? 

1. air conditioner and thermostat settings
2. the circulatory system
3. we are stressed and when we consume spicy foods, caffeine, and alcohol
4. diverse body shapes and sizes
5. (typically) they have less muscle mass and evaporate less heat
6. their body temperatures are often higher
7. they have a lower metabolic rate than men / their bodies produce less heat
8. the fat layer under the skin that conserves heat becomes thinner with age
9. so many factors influence our perception of temperatures

Read the text and fill the gaps with the correct sentences A – H. Write the letter of the missing sentence in the box in the gap. There are two extra sentences you will not need.

Winter Tyres

Do you use winter tyres? After several cold snaps in recent years, Brits have slowly woken up to snow tyres which can keep going where normal rubber gives up. 1 ………………..

Should you bother buying winter tyres? How much do they cost and, crucially, do they actually work? 2 ……………….. More accurately, they’re cold-weather tyres, designed to work in lower temperatures, on wet and dry roads, as well as giving better performance on snow and ice.

The science bit is easily explained: winter/cold-weather tyres contain more natural rubber than regular tyres, and are constructed of a softer compound. 3 ……………….. If you see a winter tyre up close, you’ll spot that the tread is different to a more conventional summer tyre. The contact patch of a winter tyre is more rugged: they’re covered in thousands of ‘sipes’ – tiny channels cut into the rubber which help displace water at a faster rate. 4 ………………..

Cold-weather rubber is becoming more relevant to more drivers for two reasons. Firstly, because our winters are getting more and more unpredictable. 5 ……………….. Secondly, you can now get yourself winter rubber in a massive range of sizes, from supermini boots right up to gargantuan 20-inch wheel compatible items like you’d find on the back of a Porsche Boxster. It’s potentially a much simpler way to keep mobile without investing in a more expensive 4×4.

6 ……………….. Shoe a BMW 5-series for winter and you’re looking at an £800 bill, and the only way is up. A set of four winter tyres and 20-inch ‘RS Spyder’ alloys for CAR’s long-termer Porsche Panamera GTS comes in at a cool £4060, including fitting. Winter peace of mind doesn’t come cheap, and yes, you do have to get four tyres: settling for just a pair for the driven wheels will do more harm than good, as this unbalances the whole vehicle.

www.carmagazine.co.uk

A. On snow, it’s these little crevices that bite into the soft stuff, giving purchase and grip.

B. First things first: ‘winter tyres’, as we’re accustomed to calling them, is actually a misleading title.

C. Countries where winter tyres are obligatory have fewer accidents in winter.

D. Sometimes they’re mild, and sometimes the country grinds to a halt under a couple of inches of the white stuff.

E. This allows them to stay supple as temperatures drop below 7 degrees C, maintaining higher grips levels on the road, in conditions where a normal tyre becomes hard and less keyed-in to the asphalt.

F. There’s the obvious financial outlay to swallow: a set of four winter tyres for a Fiesta will set you back in the region of £350.

G. Having tested several types of winter tyres, we recommend getting a set, especially in the northern region of the country.

H. The UK still has very few winter tyres in use – just 3% of tyres sold in 2011 were designed for cold weather use – but trade bodies say the uptake is increasing. 

Answers: 1-H 2-B 3-E 4-A 5-D 6-F

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Read the text and fill the gaps with the correct sentences A -H. Write the letter of the missing sentence in the box in the gap. There are two extra sentences you will not need.

Are children given too many toys?

I stood in the playroom holding an empty suitcase. We were emigrating and could only pack a few toys to keep us going until the rest arrived by ship months later. In went the Story Cubes – ingenious picture dice that inspire stories, drawings or full-scale theatrical productions. Both kids are "crafty", so in go pom-poms, pipe cleaners and paper punches. 1. ………………..

I subject the rest to an eligibility test before I transport them half way round the world from Switzerland to Singapore – has either child shown the slightest interest in the toy in the past month? An ancient game of Pass the Pigs passes muster. A bucket of unisex Duplo and then, after a tantrum, a second bucket of pink Duplo. 2. ……………….. But the rest has not been touched in a month – and the shelves are still packed with dolls and jigsaws and trains and kazoos and knitted muffins and the emergency vehicles of several nations and enough wooden blocks to build a bridge to Singapore.

So why do we have so many toys? 3. ……………….. "Most children need a transition object," said James, "their first teddy bear that they take everywhere. But everything else is a socially-generated want." 4. ………………..

At London’s V&A Museum of Childhood, Catherine Howell oversees a collection that includes a 400-year-old rocking horse and Buzz Lightyear. She agrees that children typically have far more toys than any previous generation. 5. ……………….. "A child always comes back to a set of bricks because it allows them to use their imagination."

Certainly, my own three-year-old is a marketer’s dream, desperate to adventure with the Octonauts (an animated series). And yet, when his much-anticipated Gup-B arrived last Christmas, his underwater enthusiasm had ebbed by Boxing Day. 6. ………………..  So while Buzz Lightyear can only ever be a space ranger, a doll might become a hungry baby, a tea party guest – or a space ranger – depending on the child’s desires. These prescriptive toys could even be damaging, says James. "Young children discover their identity through fantasy play. If their toys offer a limited repertoire, this process is eroded."

source: www.bbc.co.uk
—————————————-

A. “In my experience, most children are given toys when the parent is faced with a massive tantrum, thus rewarding naughty behaviour.”

B. But while spin-off merchandising has been a huge hit ever since Star Wars figures appeared in the 1970s, Howell says traditional toys like dolls and building blocks have retained a consistent popularity.

C. Psychologist Oliver James, author of the parenting book Love Bombing, believes children don’t "need" a vast panoply of toys.

D. According to James, toys that pre-determine play – and this is especially true of merchandising – offer limited possibilities for fun.

E. I even thought this trip would be the great opportunity to get rid of toys I detested: a few Barbies and the hideous rubber monster masks.

F. Next, a kingdom of animal figurines marches two-by-two into the case.

G. It seems we are keen to generate our children’s wants – the Toy Retailers’ Association reports that the British alone spend £3bn each year on toys.

H. At the last minute, I spot a "snakes and ladders" game that my son enjoys (provided he gets to take all the turns).

answers: 1-F 2-H 3-C 4-G 5-B 6-D

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