Iain Lindsay, the United Kingdom’s ambassador to Hungary, reads out a telegram sent by his predecessor Sir Leslie Fry to the British foreign ministry on 25 October 1956 in a video shared by the embassy online in 2016.

In the telegram, the diplomat who headed the British mission to Hungary at the time of the 1956 revolution wrote that while it would still be too early to draw conclusions on the reasons and consequences of the events, peaceful protests had turned into a strong anti-Communist movement. Sir Leslie Fry, who served as British ambassador to Hungary between 1955 and 1959, also reported of the large number of injuries and fatal casualties and the population’s fear of possible reprisals.

Mr. Lindsay’s video messages have been hugely popular online since his appointment in March 2016.

The script of the telegram:

“It is too soon to offer very firm comments on the immediate causes and likely results of events here during the last 24 hours but at least it is clear that what were designed as orderly and peaceful demonstrations quickly became more anti-Communist and anti-Russian than anything else and that demonstrators, although it was students of the Technical University who touched off the spark ended up by being drawn from virtually all sections of the community. The duration and intensity of the fighting testify moreover to the strength and determination of those opposing the regime. The Hungarian tricolours without the Communist emblem now fly on many public and other buildings throughout the city but the casualties have been very severe even among the women and children and the populace are terrified of massive reprisals. The success of this revolt against Communism is clearly in the balance.”

Expressions from the text. Can you fill in the gaps?

1. …… the spark

2. …… reprisals

3. …… demonstrations

4. …… and determination

5. …… tricolours

6. …… casualties

7. to …… conclusions

8. …… popular

Key

1. touched off the spark 2. massive/possible reprisals 3. orderly and peaceful demonstrations 4. strength and determination 5. Hungarian tricolours 6. fatal casualties 7. to draw conclusions 8. hugely popular

On October 23rd, Hungarians celebrate the brave women and men who stood up to Soviet Communist oppression and fought for their freedom against one of the world’s biggest armies. After a few glorious days of victory, the 1956 Hungarian Revolution was eventually overpowered by overwhelming military force, but the freedom fight drove the first nail into the coffin of Communist oppression in the world.

On a sunny, autumn day in October, students and teachers, factory workers and craftsmen, men and women, young and old, stood up bravely and demanded the end of Communist Soviet oppression as well as the Hungarian puppet government. When their peaceful demonstration against Stalinist terror was repressed brutally by bursts of gunfire, they did not back down. In heroic acts of bravery, ordinary people around the country took matters in their own hands to defy the Communist state’s police force and the Soviets with whatever means they could find.

A freedom fighter by the name of Attila Gérecz, who was a poet and athlete, not only encouraged others to join the struggle but also participated in the battles himself. Auschwitz survivor István Angyal led the Tűzoltó Street group in the battles. Péter Mansfeld was the youngest victim of the Communist crackdown following the uprising, executed on the gallows at the age of eighteen. Gergely Pongrátz, who fought shoulder-to-shoulder with his five brothers, later preserved the revolution’s memory within and outside Hungary. Mária Wittner, József Tibor Fejes, János Szabó, Jenő Fónay, János Varga – the many profiles of courage are astonishing, and the fate of these individuals illustrate the reality of the revolution. Their actions remind us that the heroism of Hungary’s legendary 1956 freedom fighters came from the extraordinary bravery of everyday people. Hungary’s freedom fighters were regular folks who mustered the courage to take to the street.

The freedom fighters brought the revolution several victorious days but were ultimately outnumbered and overwhelmed by Red Army reinforcements sent from the Soviet Union.

Their bravery brought them world renown and marked the beginning of the end of the Soviet Union. They set in motion a process that would unravel Communism’s oppressive grip on the freedom-loving people of Eastern Europe. From that point on, people of the world no longer believed the humanitarian image that “Socialism” presented about itself. People started seeing Bolshevism for what it was: an oppressive tyranny.

Most of us know the storyline and there are many sources where you can read about the events. Here you can read some of the personal testimonies of people who were part of the revolution.

“I went to the University of Technology and Economics. Most of the professors were dressed in black; some of them even had a cockade. They were utterly enthusiastic and kind; they were with us, students. This meant a lot, especially feeling secure since in these 4-5 years you mostly belong to your teachers. We felt like we were doing the right thing because they took our side.”  then 24-year-old university student

“I ran into the judicial department, where I only found Professor Eckhart. It was obvious that I was going to the demonstration, I didn’t think about the potential effects of it. Then, the professor told me ‘Be careful!’ and I automatically said ‘It’s too late’. I knew that there was no way back.”  then 21-year-old university student

“It was uplifting to march in a big crowd, especially for me, a discriminated cadre. They were already cutting out of the flag that disgusting arms and scanning ‘Rusz-kik haza!’ We were standing in front of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and saw the Hungarian flag in the window of the barrack. More and more people joined as we kept marching on. It was fantastic!”  then 32-year-old librarian

“The session of the cabinet council was adjourned because the demonstrators were on their way to the Parliament. I got home around 5 o’clock so I listened to Ernő Gerő’s speech on the radio from home. Instead of being comforting, it was thrilling and shocking, fuel to the fire.”  then 35-year-old minister

“The demonstration had started. I joined them somewhere on Rákóczi Street at the University of Dramatic Arts. There were our teachers and Tibor Déry if I remember well. When we reached Stalin Street we saw the nameplate on the wall. We decided to take it off. We did so and the crowd was frenzied. This inspired us so much.”  then 26-year-old-movie director

“I was supposed to have a meeting with Lajos Kassák in the afternoon. I called him to inform him that I won’t be there. Their maid answered the phone saying that they were also in the city centre. I met Kassák, his wife and Judit Szántó in front of the Fény Espresso. We started talking and I asked him ‘Master Kassák, is this how it started in 1918 as well?’ ‘Sir, this is revolution itself!’ he told me with his typical palóc accent.”  then 29-year-old writer

“We could hear rifle-shots from the Bródy Street and the elders said that it is very dangerous to go to the Radio. That’s when I met the first injured man. Others were holding him shouting ‘Is there a doctor among you?’ He got shot by a gun and was bleeding. A local showed them to a doctor’s office, they broke in and found doctors, nurses who took care of the injury. The doctor told us to spread the news so that people will know where they can bring the injured men.”  then 15-year-old high school student

“I went to the radio station of the Hungarian Home-Defence Union at night because I wanted to know if the world has heard about the revolution. I was searching for radio frequencies but I found nothing. I was able to get in touch with a Czechoslovakian radioman and asked him if he knew about the revolution. He didn’t know anything. Since this was quite a heavy-duty radio station, we kept saying that there was a revolution in Hungary throughout the night. We stopped doing it at dawn. The next day, at 2 pm we also read a text composed by university students in Hungarian, English and Russian. The text said that we wanted to inform the world’s nations that a big crowd had rebelled against the Soviet Union in Hungary and that we were afraid that the national radio reported false information or nothing at all. As I heard later, our transmission was listened to in the West.”  then 25-year-old technician

source: dailynewshungary.com

How much do yo know about the 1956 revolution?

1. From where did the peaceful demonstrations start in 1956?

a. From the oppositionist parties

b. From the universities

c. From the factories

2. Where did the representatives of universities meet on the 22nd of October?

a. At the Budapest University of Technology and Economics

b. At the National Museum

c. At the Parliament

3. From which statue did the peaceful demonstration start?

a. The Bem and Petőfi Statues

b. The Bem Statue

c. The Stalin Statue

4. How many points did the claims of university students have?

a.12

b.14

c.16

5. Where was the first student protest on the 23rd of October?

a. In Debrecen

b. In Szeged

c. In Budapest

6. Who recited the National Song (Nemzeti dal) at the beginning of the Budapest protest?

a. Péter Veres

b. Imre Sinkovits

c. Károly Mécs

7. Who did the people want to be the head of the government?

a. Mátyás Rákosi

b. János Kádár

c. Imre Nagy

8. To what was the Stalin Square renamed by the people?

a. Csizma Square (Boots Square)

b. Felvonulási Square (Procession Square)

c. Szabadság Square (Freedom Square)

9. Where was the first fire opened on the crowd?

a. At the Parliament

b. At the building of the Hungarian Radio Corporation

c. At the Corvin Quarter

10. How many victims did the revolution have (approximately)?

a. 2500

b. 4000

c. 3400

source: dailynewshungary.com

Key

1. b. 2. a. 3. a. 4. c. 5. a. 6. b. 7. c. 8. a. 9. b. 10. c.

“The spirit of our age is Democracy. All for the people and all by the people. Nothing about the people, without the people. That is Democracy.”

Lajos Kossuth (USA, Ohio, February 16, 1852)

Lajos Kossuth (1802-94)

A lawyer and journalist with radical political views, he was constantly in trouble with the authorities and was imprisoned from 1837 to 1840 for publishing attacks on the government. Inspired by the French Revolution of 1848, he demanded an independent government for Hungary. Kossuth’s aim was to build a modern democratic, liberal state with a constitution, which provided equality to all citizens.

When the first independent Hungarian government was formed by Lajos Batthyány, Kossuth was appointed Minister of Finance, and after Batthyány’s resignation he became provisional governor of the country. In April 1849, the Hungarian parliament declared Hungary an independent republic and Kossuth became President. As the Austrian and Russian army advanced, however, not being competent enough for extensive warfare, he handed the power over to General Görgey.

When the Hungarian army admitted defeat in August 1849, Kossuth fled to Turkey, where he was made a prisoner until 1851, but was not handed over to the Austrian authorities. During his English and American campaign to gain support for Hungarian independence his speeches – though often three hours long – attracted crowds. He left the USA in 1852 to live four more decades in exile, finally settling in Turin, Italy. Although he didn’t manage to get help, he made a strong impression on Americans and the bust of the Father of Hungarian Democracy was placed in the US Capitol on March 15, 1990.

the spirit of our age – korunk szelleme
lawyer – ügyvéd
political views – politikai nézetek
the authorities – a hatóságok
to be imprisoned – börtönbe kerülni
inspired by – valami által ihletett
aim – cél
constitution – alkotmány
equality – egyenlőség
citizen – állampolgár
Minister of Finance – pénzügyminiszter
resignation – lemondás
to declare – kinyilvánítani
independent republic – független köztársaság
to hand the power over – átadni a hatalmat
defeat – vereség
support – támogatás
speech – beszéd
to attract – vonzani
in exile – száműzetésben
to make a strong impression on – mély benyomást tenni valakire
bust – mellszobor

The roots of the events go back to World War II when Hungary, an ally of Nazi Germany, participated in the invasion of the Soviet Union. After World War II the Soviet Army occupied Hungary, and the country came under the Soviet Union’s sphere of influence. Hungary became a communist state under the severely authoritarian leadership – we could say dictatorship – of Mátyás Rákosi. From 1945 on the Hungarians were under the control of Moscow. All wealth of whatever nature was taken from Hungary by the Russians who showed their power by putting thousands of Russian troops and hundreds of tanks in the country. The people were ruled over with a rod of iron by Communist Russia and anybody who challenged the rule of Stalin and Russia paid the price. But Hungarians hated Russian control, especially the secret police called the ÁVH, the Russian control of the economy, which had made Hungary poor and the Russian control of what the schools taught and the censorship and the lack of freedom.

On October 23rd 1956 – as a spontaneous nationwide revolt against the government of the Hungarian People’s Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies – students and workers took to the streets of Budapest. Approximately 20,000 protesters convened around the statue of József Bem—a national hero of Poland and Hungary. They issued their Sixteen Points which included personal freedom, more food, the removal of the secret police, the removal of Russian control etc. After the students read their proclamation, the crowd chanted a censored patriotic poem the “National Song”, which refrains: “This we swear, this we swear, that we will no longer be slaves.” Someone in the crowd cut out the Communist coat of arms from the Hungarian flag, leaving a distinctive hole and others quickly followed suit. The revolt attracted thousands as they marched through central Budapest to the Parliament building, calling out on the streets using a van with loudspeakers via Radio Free Europe.Some demonstrators decided to carry out one of their demands, the removal of Stalin’s 30-foot-high (9.1 m) bronze statue that was erected in 1951 on the site of Marianum church, which was demolished to make room for the monument. By 21:30, the statue was toppled and crowds celebrated by placing Hungarian flags in Stalin’s boots, which was all that was left of the statue.

A student delegation, entering the radio building to try to broadcast the students’ demands, was detained. When the delegation’s release was demanded by the demonstrators outside, they were fired upon by the State Security Police (ÁVH) from within the building. When the students were fired on, a student died and was wrapped in a flag and held above the crowd. This was the start of the revolution. As the news spread, disorder and violence erupted throughout the capital.

The revolt spread quickly across Hungary and the government collapsed. Thousands organised into militias, battling the ÁVH and Soviet troops. Pro-Soviet communists and ÁVH members were often executed or imprisoned and former political prisoners were released and armed. Imre Nagy was appointed prime minister and János Kádár foreign minister. The new government formally disbanded the ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact, and pledged to re-establish free elections. By the end of October, fighting had almost stopped and between 28 October and 4 November a sense of normality began to return to the country.For five days, there was freedom in Hungary. The new Hungarian government introduced democracy, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion. Cardinal Mindszenty, the leader of the Catholic Church, was freed from prison. But it didn’t last long.After announcing a willingness to negotiate a withdrawal of Soviet forces, the Soviet Union changed its mind and moved to crush the revolution. On 4 November, a large Soviet force invaded Budapest and other regions of the country. 1,000 Russian tanks rolled into Budapest, they destroyed the Hungarian army and captured the building of the Hungarian Radio. The last words broadcast from there were “Help! Help! Help!”. The Hungarian resistance continued until 10 November. People – even children – fought the Russian troops with machine guns. Over 2,500 Hungarians and 700 Soviet soldiers were killed in the conflict, and 200,000 Hungarians fled as refugees. Mass arrests and denunciations continued for months afterwards. Eventually 26,000 people were brought before the Hungarian courts, 22,000 were sentenced, 13,000 imprisoned, and several hundred executed. Hundreds were also deported to the Soviet Union, many without evidence. By January 1957, the new Soviet-installed government had suppressed all public opposition. The 1956 revolution lasted from 23 October until 10 November 1956. Only 19 days, but they determined the fate of Hungary for long years. People had to wait until 1989 to experience the long awaited freedom they had longed for so much.