Border collies are fun, energetic dogs that love problem-solving almost as much as they love people. Learn more about this classic working dog.

1. MODERN BORDER COLLIES CAN TRACE THEIR LINEAGE BACK TO ONE DOG.

Old Hemp (born in 1893) is widely considered to be the progenitor of the border collie. Unlike other dogs of his kind, his herding method was quieter and less aggressive. Despite having a softer technique, his method got results and impressed breeders. Old Hemp became a stud dog and fathered over 200 pups.

2. ROMANS BROUGHT SHEEPDOGS TO GREAT BRITAIN.

The Roman Empire was the first civilization to master the art of raising and herding sheep. They brought sheep and shepherds over to the British Isles, where they established a wool industry. Many of the sheepdogs the Romans brought to Britain couldn’t hack it in the cold weather, so the Celtics began breeding their own. These new dogs were smaller and more agile than their predecessors; they were called collies after the ancient Celtic word colley, meaning useful or faithful.

3. THEIR NAME COMES FROM THE REGION IN WHICH THEY FLOURISHED.

Border collies get their name because they were initially bred on the border of Scotland and England. It is believed that James Reid, the secretary of the International Sheepdog Society, coined the name while describing the dogs in letters to colleagues.

4. THEY’RE FURRY GENIUSES.

Dogs are pretty smart as a species in general, but no breed canbeat the border collie in intelligence. The bright pooches were bred to be independent problem solvers capable of solving complex tasks.

5. BUT THAT DOESN’T MEAN TRAINING THEM IS EASY.

Because these dogs are so smart, it means they pick up on everything and learn very quickly. This means you need to train them right away before they develop any bad habits, such as barking, nipping, or whining—behaviors many border collies default to when they’re bored. Train them young and make sure they’re focused on the task at hand, as their attention tends to wander.

6. COLLIES ARE THE ULTIMATE HERDING DOGS.

Herding dogs like border collies have been specially bred to chase and organize animals. This modified predatory behavior incorporates the beginning of the hunt (stalking, crouching, nipping), but without the killing. Border collies make particularly good herders thanks to their independence and intelligence. The need to herd is so deeply ingrained in these dogs, that some modern owners actually rent sheep for their pets to corral.

7. CROUCHING IS A TECHNIQUE.

Border collies can move swiftly in a catlike, crouched position, thanks to a space between the tops of the shoulder blades, which lets the dogs slither by while staying low to the ground. This technique lets them herd animals with extreme precision.

8. WATCH OUT FOR “THE EYE.”

Another trick up the border collie sleeve is the “the eye.” This intense stare intimidates the livestock and helps the dogs herd and control the animals. You may catch your dog giving you this look when you have something delicious in your hand.

9. ONE HAS A BIG VOCABULARY.

Chaser the border collie is often called the smartest dog in the world. She has been working with John Pilley, a professor of psychology, to learn an impressive number of English words since she was two months old. Chaser first learned that specific toys had different names when she was just five months. Since then, Chaser has slowly amassed an arsenal of words, and has the cognition and development of a toddler.

The clever pooch shows off her smarts by bringing specific items when asked. Even more impressive, she understands that items have a unique proper name (like Franklin), and then a more general common noun name (like toy). She knows the proper noun names of her 1000 unique toys.

10. ANOTHER HOLDS A MORE UNUSUAL WORLD RECORD

A talented border collie named Striker holds the record for Fastest Car Window Opened by a Dog. The canine rolled down the non-electric car window in 11.34 seconds.

11. STAYING ACTIVE IS A MUST.

Don’t expect to lay around the house with this dog. The smarter the breed, the easier it is for it to get bored when left with no stimulation. Border collies are working dogs and enjoy having tasks to keep them busy throughout the day; the high-energy dog needs to redirect its spunk or else it will misbehave.

source: mentalfloss

Ismételjünk át néhány tényt a border collie-król. Válaszolj a kérdésekre magyarul!

1. Miben különbözött a border collie-k őse a többi kutyától?

2-3. Honnan származik a border collie-k neve?

4. Miben emelkednek ki a többi fajta közül?

5. Miért kell elkezdeni korán a tanításukat?

6-8. Milyen belső és külső tulajdonságaik teszik őket alkalmassá terelőkutyának?

9. Hogyan mutatja ki intelligenciáját Chaser?

10. Milyen rekordot állított fel Striker?

Válaszok:

1. Nyugodtabban és kevésbé agresszívan terelte a nyájat.

2-3. A „collie” a kelta „colley” szóból, ami azt jelenti: hasznos, hűséges. A „border” Skócia és Anglia határára utal, ahol először tenyésztették őket.

4. Az intelligenciájukban.

5. Mert hajlamosak korán rossz szokásokat kialakítani.

6-8. Önállóak és intelligensek. Gyorsan tudnak mozogni úgy, hogy le vannak kuporodva. Intenzív tekintetük/nézésük is segít.

9. Megérti a különböző tárgyak neveit és odahozza őket, ha kérik.

10. A leggyorsabban tekerte le egy autó ablakát.

Books are divided mainly into two categories: non-fiction and fiction. Non-fiction books are often about history, biography, travel, science or cooking among many other subjects. Books containing short stories, novels, dramas or poetry are called literary fiction. Some people like travelogues, detective stories, crime novels, thrillers, graphic novels; others prefer the romance genre, historical or science fiction. You can buy the book, borrow from a friend or take it out from the library. If a book is a real page-turner, it’s easier to read it from cover to cover.    

Some people prefer reading an e-book on an e-reader rather than reading a traditional book. It’s easier to purchase an e-book and to search for content in an e-book and you can also carry around a number of books on your e-reader – but you won’t find the distinct book smell in an e-book.

A newspaper is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly. Newspapers give information and opinions about current events and news. Newspapers often have comic strips and other entertainment elements. The opinion sections are called editorials.

Magazines are generally issued weekly or monthly. Some newspapers are tabloids, and are usually the popular press. They often have a larger circulation. The more serious newspapers are bigger in size (broadsheet). Newspapers and magazines can be bought at news-stands, in supermarkets and at petrol stations, and you can also subscribe to them.

Usually people read newspapers to stay informed about national and international events and news but reading English language press can also help you improve your English. Reading newspapers and magazines you will easily pick up a lot of vocabulary relating to news stories, as they are used repeatedly from one issue of the paper to the next. If you find a book or magazine that you are interested in reading, it is a great motivator to broaden your vocabulary too. 

almanac – évkönvy, almanach
best seller (bestselling book) – bestseller , toplistás könyv
book – könyv
booklet – könyvecske, füzet
brochure – brossúra, ismertető füzet
comic book – képregény
dictionary – szótár
encyclopaedia – enciklopédia
hardcover – keménykötésű könyv
magazine – magazin
novel – regény
paperback – puhakötésű könyv
periodical – folyóirat
pamphlet – röpirat, pamflet
picture book – képeskönyv
reference book – kézikönyv, segédkönyv
textbook – tankönyv

I) Fill the gaps with the words given.

1) If you don’t know a word, look it up in the ………………. .
2) ……………….. is a book, often in many volumes, containing articles on various topics, often arranged in alphabetical order, dealing either with the whole range of human knowledge or with one particular subject.
3) It took Tolstoy six years to write his famous ……………….. , War and Peace.
4) Is Fifty Shades of Grey really one of the world’s ……………….. ?
5) Have you seen my ……………… ? I need it for my homework.
6) Pick up your Italy holiday ………………..  and start planning your next trip today

acknowledgments – köszönet(nyilvánítás)
appendix – melléklet, függelék
bibliography – bibliográfia
table of contents – tartalomjegyzék
copyright – szerzői jog
dedication – ajánlás, dedikálás
explanatory notes – magyarázó jegyzet
footnote – lábjegyzet
index – betűrendes mutató
preface – bevezetés
text – szöveg
title – cím
chapter – fejezet
volume – kötet
author – szerző

II) Fill the gaps with the words given.

1) Who owns the ……………….. of this book?
2) ……………….. 12 of this book discusses the history of Sicily.
3) The period from 1940-45 is in ………………. 9.
4) Reading the book it is clear that the ………………… is a woman.
5) The program automatically creates a ……………….. to your document.
6) The ………………. describes also its main character.

Key:
I. 1) dictionary 2) encyclopaedia 3) novel 4) bestsellers/ bestselling books 5) textbook 6) brochure
II. 1) copyright 2) chapter 3) volume 4) author 5) table of contents 6) title

A Brief History of the Ice Cream Truck

It’s the sound of summer: a string of jangly notes cutting through the sticky-hot air. The response is Pavlovian. Mouths water. Parents reach for their wallets. Kids lace up their shoes and hit the pavement. For Ben Van Leeuwen, it was no different. Growing up in suburban Riverside, Conn., he’d race toward the siren song. The ice cream truck was coming.

In the sea of sweaty people elbowing to place orders, Van Leeuwen always took his time. He’d inspect the full menu. He’d imagine the flavors – Strawberry Shortcake, Choco Taco, King Cone. Then he’d pick what he always picked: a Reckless Rainbow Pop Up. “We were poor,” he laughs. The push pop was cheap.

Today, Van Leeuwen is an ice cream magnate. With six trucks and three storefronts in New York City, the company prides itself on its quality. Handcrafted recipes combine ingredients like Michel Cluizel chocolate from France, pistachios from Sicily, Tahitian vanilla beans from Papua New Guinea.

The history of frozen street treats begins long before Van Leeuwen encountered his first push pop – it begins before even mechanical refrigeration. That the cold treat had to come to America before it could move off kings’ tables and into the hands of common folk makes the story that much sweeter.

WE ALL SCREAM FOR ICE CREAM

Difficult to obtain and harder to store, ice itself was once a luxury. When the Roman Emperor Nero wanted Italian ice, he ordered it the old-fashioned way—dispatching his servants tofetch snow from mountain tops, wrap it in straw, and bring it back to mix with fruits and honey—a practice still popular with elites in Spain and Italy 1,500 years later. Around the world, monarchs in Turkey, India, and Arabia used flavored ices to punch up the extravagance at banquets, serving frosty bouquets flavored with fruit pulp, syrup, and flowers—often the grand finale at feasts intended to impress. But it wasn’t until the mid-16th century, when scientists in Italy discovered a process for on-demand freezing—placing a container of water in a bucket of snow mixed with saltpeter—that the ice cream renaissance truly began.

The innovation spread through European courts, and before long, royal chefs were whipping up red wine slushes, icy custards, and cold almond creams. Cooks experimented with every exotic ingredient in their arsenal: violets, saffron, rose petals. But while the excitement for ice cream grew, the treats were clearly reserved for the elite. The dessert needed a trip across the pond and a few more centuries of innovation before it could trickle down to the masses.

Ice cream came to America with the first colonists. British settlers brought recipes with them, and the treat found space at the Founding Fathers’ tables. George Washington loved it. Thomas Jefferson was such a fan that he studied the art of ice cream making in France and returned with a machine so he could churn his own flavors at Monticello. But even in this monarch-free land, the frosty desserts were an extravagance. Vanilla and sugar were expensive, and access to ice was limited. To serve the dessert year-round, Jefferson built himself an icehouse, refrigerated with wagonloads of ice harvested from the nearby Rivanna River. Still, even with all the means and materials, the road to producing ice cream was rocky.

Making a scoop was laborious. Cooks had to extract the iced mixture from a frozen pewter bucket, churn and blend it with cream by hand, and place the concoction back into the bucket for additional freezing. To get the desired silky texture, this churning had to be repeated multiple times over days. The process was long and taxing, and generally managed by servants or slaves.

THE ICE AGE

In the 1800s, the ice delivery industry exploded. Companies began harvesting frozen rivers and transporting ice to homes at affordable prices. Before long, ice cream was regularly served in parlors and tea gardens across the country. By the 1830s, ice cream’s role as an Independence Day treat was well established. But for the poor urban populations who couldn’t afford July 4th ices or the fresh ingredients to make ice cream at home, immigrant street vendors came to the rescue. Fresh off the boat and with limited job prospects, these innovators used their culinary talents to grasp at the American dream, selling frozen treats from carts chilled with ice.

Italyand France was where ice cream was first truly developed; they made it delicious. In the U.S., they developed the business. The cheap wooden wagons let proprietors avoid rent and taxes that came with setting up a store. And demand for their wares was always high.

Before the invention of the ice cream cone, vendors scooped ice cream into a regular glass, which a customer would lick clean. Then they returned the glass to the peddler, who would swish it in a pail before refilling it for the next customer. It was an entirely unsanitary practice.

But it was the ice cream sandwich that truly melted the social boundaries, as blue and white collars alike huddled around pushcarts on hot summer days. They started ice cream as a street food. It was a walk-around food—you’d stand up and eat it. Ice cream had become a staple of the American diet—not just for the rich and powerful, but for everybody—and it was about to get even more mobile.

On a winter evening in 1920, candy maker Harry Burt was puttering around his ice cream shop. Burt had made a name for himself by sticking a wooden handle on a ball of candy to create a lollipop. Ready for a bigger challenge, he set out to create an ice cream novelty. He started by mixing coconut oil and cocoa butter to seal a smooth block of vanilla ice cream in the silky chocolate coating. The treat looked good, but it was messy. When his daughter Ruth grabbed for the bar, more of the chocolate coating ended up on her hands than her mouth. Burt’s son, came up with a better idea: Why not use the sticks from the lollipops as handles?

In 1920, Burt invested in 12 refrigerator trucks for distribution around the city. He made sure they were pristine white and put professional-looking drivers in signature white uniforms to signify cleanliness and safety to parents. Then he crafted a scheme for luring the kids. He promised to follow a specified route so families would know when to expect the truck to come by. A bell chimed so everyone would know they could come out and purchase ice cream. Before long, the sound was synonymous with the ice cream man.

The ice cream trucks – except for the trucks’ tune technology—the jingle is now blasted loud and clear through electronic circuits—are unchanged, right down to the classic menu on the side. For close to 50 years, that menu board has changed only four times.

Whether they’re vintage or modern, classic or creative, ice cream trucks have a seductive allure that’s about more than just ice cream. They summon a particular kind of nostalgia—the sense of freedom and possibility that comes from long, carefree summer days and the particular thrill of having a dollar in your pocket and a long list of treats from which to choose. The ice cream man has basically been doing the same thing for hundreds of years now—exciting crowds by delivering something utterly familiar wrapped in different packages. But there’s comfort in that.

source: mentalfloss

Practice some of the words in the text by using them to fill in the gaps in these sentences.

1. The Emperor Nero ordered his servants to …………… snow from the mountains.

2. InItalian courts a …………… of snow was used for freezing.

3. InEuropean courts cooks experimented with exotic …………… .

4. Ice cream was exported to America by the first …………… .

5. First servants or slaves managed the long …………… of making ice cream.

6. Inthe early 19th century …………… appeared where ice cream was served.

7. Poorer people could buy ice cream from street …………… .

8. Ice cream was scooped into a regular glass before the invention of the ice cream …………… .

9. Ice cream became a …………… of the American diet in the 20th century.

10. The ice cream truck reminds people of long …………… summer days.

Key:

1. fetch

2. bucket

3. ingredients

4. colonists

5. process

6. parlors

7. vendors

8. cone

9. staple

10. carefree

About a year ago, I decided to make some lifestyle changes. Now I have a morning routine that fills me with happiness. In fact, the early morning is one of my favourite parts of the day. The morning is when you set your intention and mindset for the day ahead. Therefore, it is important to look at how you can optimize this time. The following are five scientifically proven ways that you can bring more joy into your morning routine.

1. Wake up earlier.

Making the decision to wake up earlier has significantly improved my morning routine. When I wake up early I have more time, and subsequently feel less rushed. In addition, there is something peaceful about being awake before most people are up. Further, research shows that there may be a correlation between waking up earlier and increased happiness. One study conducted by The University of Toronto, found that “people who wake up early in the morning are generally happier and have higher satisfaction overall in their lives.”

Like any habit, this one may take some time to stick. To start, try setting your alarm for 30 minutes earlier than you would usually wake up. It is also important that you go to bed earlier, as sleep deprivation will only serve to decrease your productivity and overall happiness.

2. Eat a nourishing breakfast.

We’ve all heard the popular saying that breakfast is the most important meal of the day. So why is it that so many people choose to skip it each morning? By the time that you wake up, your muscles are in desperate need of more glycogen, for energy. In addition, “the longer that you go without eating, the more glycogen your muscles use, and the less energy you have. Eating breakfast is also important in regards to boosting your mood.

Joan Sage Blake, a registered dietician, exemplified this point when she stated,

Research suggests that eating breakfast, specifically carbohydrate-rich cereals, can improve your mood. Eating in the morning after a night’s slumber will provide glucose to your starved brain. Most people are also likely to be happier and less grouchy when they aren’t distracted by hunger pangs.

When you are choosing what to eat for breakfast, try to pick something that is nourishing to both your mind and body. Rather than eating in a hurried manner, make an effort to savour and enjoy your food. This could help to improve your experience of eating and may add more happiness to your day.

3. Find joyful movement.

It’s common knowledge that exercise can have mood-boosting effects. According to Michael Otto, a psychology professor, “The link between exercise and mood is pretty strong. Usually within five minutes after moderate exercise you get a mood-enhancement effect.” The problem is that many people view exercise as a “chore” or as a form of punishment. Instead, try to find a way to move your body that you truly enjoy.

Personally, I love taking walks while listening to inspirational podcasts, and watching the sunrise. Exercise should be fun and if you don’t like what you are currently doing, find another form of movement. Ideas for joyful movement could include taking a walk outside, doing gentle yoga, or going for a jog. You should aim to do whatever truly nourishes your body and mind, and if it incorporates nature and mindfulness-that is an added bonus.

4. Do one activity mindfully.

A study conducted by Harvard researcher, Matt Killingsworth, found that “people who focused on their present moment experience, were significantly happier than people whose minds wandered away from the moment.” However, incorporating mindfulness into your morning routine does not mean that you must begin an intensive meditation practice. Something that I have found to be personally helpful is to do one activity mindfully.

Whether it’s being mindful when you are taking a shower, eating breakfast, or drinking coffee, there are so many opportunities to practice this skill. Gillian Galen, a psychologist, provided an example of this when she stated,

When you have breakfast tomorrow, simply sit and eat your breakfast. Don’t read the paper, scan at your e-mail, or read the cereal box. Notice your experience. Notice when you become distracted by urges to do other things, and bring yourself back to the full experience of eating breakfast (experiencing the tasks, smells, temperature, and so on).

Our culture emphasizes multi-tasking, and for many of us it may be rare to fully be in the present moment. Doing one activity mindfully could boost your happiness and improve your mindset for the day ahead.

By adopting these habits you can bring more joy into your morning routine and may subsequently have a happier day. We have been given this one life and each day that we wake up, is another gift. It’s up to us to make the best of it. Steve Jobs, the former CEO of Apple Inc, summed it up best when he said,”

For the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: ‘If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today? And whenever the answer has been no for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.”

source: The Huffington Post

Find the explanation of the following words and expressions.

1.    the state of being extremely hungry

2.    to become annoyed easily

3.    to give a typical example of sg

4.    the state of being extremely tired because of lack of rest at night

5.    a little sleep

6.    easily annoyed or complaining

7.    to enjoy food slowly

8.    improve or increase sg

9.    to become less or make something less

10.  not being able to focus on something

Key:

1.    starved

2.    irritable

3.    exemplify

4.    sleep deprivation

5.    slumber

6.    grouchy

7.    savour

8.    boost

9.    decrease

10.  distracted

Music is a splendid thing. It can cheer you up when you’re sad, make you dance like a fool, and allow you to drown out the world when you need to. But music has its scientific uses, too. The documentary Alive Inside details how dementia patients react positively when given iPods filled with their old favorite songs. The music seems to help them “come alive” again. While listening to familiar songs, many of the documentary’s patients can sing along, answer questions about their past, and even carry on brief conversations with others.

“Music imprints itself on the brain deeper than any other human experience,” says neurologist Oliver Sacks, who appears in the film. “Music evokes emotion, and emotion can bring with it memory.”

The documentary follows recent studies showing that music can improve the memories of dementia patients, and even help them develop new memories.

Here, a look at some other things music has been known to “cure”:

1. LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

Babies born too early often require extended stays in the hospital to help them gain weight and strength. To help facilitate this process, many hospitals turn to music. A team of Canadian researchers found that playing music to preemies reduced their pain levels and encouraged better feeding habits, which in turn helped with weight-gain. Hospitals use musical instruments to mimic the sounds of a mother’s heartbeat and womb to lull premature babies to sleep. Researchers also say that playing calming Mozart to premature infants significantly reduces the amount of energy they expend, which allows them gain weight.

It “makes you wonder whether neonatal intensive care units should consider music exposure as standard practice for at-risk infants,” says Dr. Nestor Lopez-Duran at child-psych.org.

2. DROOPY PLANTS

If music helps babies grow, can it do the same thing for plants? Dorothy Retallack says yes. She wrote a book in 1973 called The Sound of Music and Plants, which detailed the effects of music on plant growth. Retallack played rock music to one group of plants and easy listening music to another, identical group. At the end of the study, the ‘easy listening’ plants were uniform in size, full and green, and were even leaning toward the source of the music. The rock music plants had grown tall, but they were droopy, with faded leaves, and were leaning away from the radio.

3. THE DAMAGING EFFECTS OF BRAIN DAMAGE

Of the 1.5 million Americans who sustain brain damage each year, roughly 90,000 of them will be left with a long-term movement or speech disability. As treatment, researchers use music to stimulate the areas of the brain that control these two functions.

When given a rhythm to walk or dance to, people with neurological damage caused by stroke or Parkinson’s disease can “regain a symmetrical stride and a sense of balance.” The beats in music help serve as a footstep cue for the brain.

Similarly, rhythm and pitch can help patients sing what words they can’t say. A study of autistic children who couldn’t speak found that music therapy helped these children articulate words. Some of these kids said their first words ever as a result of the treatment.

“We are just starting to understand how powerful music can be. We don’t know what the limits are.” says Michael De Georgia, director of the Center for Music and Medicine at Case Western Reserve University’s University Hospitals Case Medical Center in Cleveland.

4. TEEN LOITERING

Public libraries, malls, and train stations already know this: Teenagers typically don’t like classical music. In fact, they dislike it so much that “it sends them scurrying away like frightened mice,” says the LA Times. The theory is that when the brain hears something it dislikes, it suppresses dopamine, “the pleasure chemical.” And as teenagers’ moods fall, they go elsewhere to find something to bring it back up.

So if you want the neighbor kids to get off your lawn, turn up the Tchaikovsky.

5. HEARING LOSS

OK, maybe music can’t cure hearing loss, but it may help prevent it. A study of 163 adults, 74 of them lifelong musicians, had participants take a series of hearing tests. The lifelong musicians processed sound better than non-musicians, with the gap widening with age. “A 70-year-old musician understood speech in a noisy environment as well as a 50-year-old non-musician,” explains Linda Searling at the Washington Post.

6. A BROKEN HEART

Not the kind caused by rejection, but the kind caused by a heart attack. Music can help patients who are recovering from heart attacks and heart surgery by lowering blood pressure, slowing the heart rate and reducing anxiety. As a preventative, try listening to “joyful” music, or songs that make you feel good. Research says listening to songs that evoke a sense of joy causes increased circulation and expanded blood vessels, which encourages good vascular health.

7. POOR SPORT PERFORMANCE

In 2005, a UK study found that listening to music during sports training can boost athletic performance by up to 20 percent. That’s roughly equal to the boost some athletes get from illegal performance-enhancing drugs, except music doesn’t show up on a drug test. For best results, try music with a fast tempo during intense training and slower songs during cooldown.

8. GRUMPY TEENS

In a 2008 study, researcher Tobias Greitemeyer wanted to study how lyrics impacted teenagers’ attitudes and behavior. To do so, he exposed one group of teens to “socially conscious” songs with a positive message, like Michael Jackson’s “Heal the World.” Another other group listened to songs with a “neutral” message. The researchers then “accidentally” knocked over a cup of pencils. The group listening to positive songs not only rushed to help more quickly, but picked up five times as many pencils as the other group.

9. ILLITERACY

A 2009 study comparing two groups of second graders from similar demographics suggests learning music boosts reading abilities. The only major difference between the two groups was that one learned music notation, sight-reading and other skills, while the control group did not. Each group was tested for literacy before and after the school year. The end-of-year scores for the control group improved only slightly from their beginning of the year scores, while the kids with a music education scored “significantly higher,” especially on vocabulary tests.

10. SLUGGISH ALCOHOL SALES

Are you a wine store owner suffering from an overstock of German vino? Try pumping some German tunes through your store. A 1999 study showed that doing so boosted German wine sales, and similarly, playing French music boosted French wine sales. Customers said they were completely oblivious to what music was being played.

11. WINE SNOBBERY

Ever purchased a bottle of wine with recommended listening printed on the bottle? Well, makers of cheap wine may want to consider that tactic. A group of researchers say certain types of music can “enhance” the way wine tastes by up to 60 percent. In a study, wine-drinkers rated white wine as 40 percent more refreshing when it was accompanied by “zingy and refreshing” music (“Just Can’t Get Enough” by Nouvelle Vague was their go-to zingy song). The taste of red wine was altered 60 percent by “powerful and heavy music” like Orff’s “Carmina Burana.”

“The tongue is easy to dupe.” says Jonah Lehrer at Wired.

Now if you’ll excuse me, I have some $8 chardonnay that needs a little help from Tina Turner.

source: Mentalfloss

Ismételjük át még egyszer, miről is olvashattunk. Válaszolj a kérdésekre magyarul!

1. Milyen pozitív hatással van a zene a koraszülött babákra?

2. Milyen hatással volt a rockzene a növényekre?

3. Hogyan segít a zene az autista gyerekeknek?

4. Mire lehetne felhasználni a komolyzenét a tinédzserekkel kapcsolatban?

5. Milyen kísérletben teljesítettek jobban a zenészek másoknál?

6. Hogyan segít a zene a szívproblémákkal küzdő embereknek?

7. Milyen hatással lehet a zene a sportolókra?

8. Mivel igazolták, hogy a dalszövegek hatással vannak a tinédzserekre?

9. Milyen hatással van a kottaolvasás tanulása a gyerekekre?

10. Hogyan befolyásolta a borvásárlókat a zene?

11. Mi történik, ha borivás közben zenét hallgatunk?

Válaszok:

1. Csökken a fájdalomérzésük, többet esznek, gyarapszik a súlyuk, segít elaludni nekik.

2. Magasra nőttek, de a leveleik kókadtak és hervadtak voltak és a hang forrásától ellenkező irányban hajoltak el.

3. Énekelve könnyebben ki tudják mondani a szavakat, amiket különben korábban nem tudtak.

4. Ha zavar, hogy a ház előtti füvön lógnak, komolyzenével el lehet őket űzni, mert ha olyat hallgat az ember, amit nem szeret, az kellemetlen érzéseket kelt benne és menekülésre készteti.

5. Jobban fel tudták dolgozni a hangokat, jobban értették a beszédet zajos környezetben.

6. Csökkenti a vérnyomást, a pulzust és a szorongást.

7. Akár húsz százalékkal is növelheti a teljesítményüket.

8. Egy kísérletben a véletlenül kiöntött ceruzákból a pozitív szövegű dalokat hallgató tinédzserek többet és gyorsabban szedtek fel.

9. Az ilyen gyerekeknek jobb a tanulmányi eredményük, különösen a szókincs terén teljesítenek jobban.

10. Amikor német zenét játszottak a német borból vettek többet, amikor pedig francia zenét, akkor a francia borból.

11. Finomabbnak találhatjuk a bort, attól függően, hogy milyen zenét hallgatunk.

If you want foods that will last for the long term, reach for one of these.

1. WHITE RICE

Researchers have found that white rice will maintain its nutrient content and flavour for 30 years when it is stored in oxygen-free containers at temperatures below 5 degrees Celsius. Brown rice, however, doesn’t last nearly as long (6 months) because of the natural oils found in its bran layer.

2. HONEY

Honey has been called the only food that truly lasts forever, thanks to its magical chemistry and the handiwork of bees. When the heated and strained honey is sealed properly, moisture cannot be absorbed, and the honey stays the same forever. The oldest jar of the sweet stuff ever found is believed to be 5,500 years old.

3. SALT
   

   

Because the salt we use for our food, sodium chloride is a mineral that is taken from the earth, it is no surprise that it lasts long. It has also been used for centuries to preserve other foods because it removes moisture. The salt in your cupboard may not last forever, though. Adding iodine to table salt reduces the shelf life, so if your container says iodized salt, expect it to only last about 5 years.

4. SOY SAUCE

It seems to be that it depends on the type and which additives a particular brand uses, but when left unopened, soy sauce will last a very long time. Even after it has been opened, it can be kept for years in your refrigerator.

5. SUGAR

As with other items on this list, the storage method that you use for your sugar determines whether or not you can keep it forever.

6. POWDERED MILK

The taste isn’t quite as good, but one of the main reasons that powdered milk exists is because it lasts longer. It is also easier to transport and store than fresh milk.

source: mentalfloss.com

1. The advantage of white rice over brown rice is that it ……… .
2. The right way to keep rice is in ……….. .
3. Honey is different from other food because it …….. .
4. The lasting quality of salt is not surprising because it ………… .
5. Salt can be used to preserve food as ………. .
6. Table salt doesn’t last so long because ………. .
7. How long soy sauce lasts depends on the …….. .
8. Sugar can be stored forever if you use ………. .
9. The advantages of powdered milk are that ………. .
10. The disadvantage of powdered milk is that ………. .

 Megoldások:

10 Foods That Never (or Almost Never) Expire

1.will last / will keep its nutrient content and flavour longer.
2.oxygen-free containers, at temperatures below 5 degrees Celsius
3.truly lasts forever
4.is a mineral taken from the earth
5.it removes moisture
6.it is iodized / iodine is added to it
7.type/brand and the additives it uses
8.the right / a good storage method
9.it lasts long(er), is easy / it is easier to transport and store
10.its taste isn’t as good / it doesn’t taste so good

In Hungary we celebrate Mother’s Day on the first Sunday of May. In America, however, it’s celebrated on the second Sunday of May.

Watch the video, complete the listening tasks in the video, then learn these useful expressions both in English and in Hungarian.   

Americans celebrate Mother’s Day in May. It’s on the second Sunday of the month. This is the day we celebrate the women who raised us, cared for us and inspired us. What do we call our mothers? Well, most Americans simply address their mothers as ’Mom’. Some have a more formal relationship, and so they say ’Mother’. And yet in some families you may hear ’Mama’ or ’Ma’. Small children usually say ’Mommy’. Now traditionally it’s the mother who stays home with the children, and the father is the head of the household. If this is the case, we call the mother a ’stay-at-home-mom’.  But this isn’t always the case especially today when two incomes are needed in a family. And when a mother has a job outside the home we call her a ’working mother’. Now motherhood certainly isn’t easy, and some moms face an additional challenge because they are raising their children on their own, without the support of a father. We call these moms ’single moms’. In short there are all kinds of mothers: single moms, working moms, stay-at-home-moms. All of them deserve to be celebrated. And that’s why we have the holiday of Mother’s Day.

Thanks for watching! Happy studies to you all. And all the mothers watching: Happy Mother’s Day!  

1. EMPLOYEES WANT YOU TO ASK THEM FOR RECOMMENDATIONS.

“A person will say, ‘I have a really strange question, I’m sorry, but can you recommend a book?’” says Phyllis Cohen, owner of Berkeley Books in Paris. “That is the most normal question. It is my favorite question in the world! Give me some clues. I’ll ask them some pointed questions and then I make a pile for them. When they discover it they’re over the moon—it’s like they have a personal shopper in the bookshop.”

2. BUT BOOKSELLERS ARE NOT MINDREADERS.

They want to help you find your book, but they can’t if you don’t know the book’s name, author, or what it was about. This happens all the time, and it drives them crazy. “Customers will say ‘I don’t remember the name or what it was about but it has a blue cover. I think it had this word in the title,’” explains Katie Orphan, manager at The Last Bookstore in Los Angeles. Sometimes the questions are so vague that no amount of Googling will help, and then the customer leaves unhappy.

Even a botched title is better than no hints at all. “One funny thing that happens with customers is they get the titles totally wrong,” says Marissa Rodriguez, who has worked in a bookstore for two years. “High school kids will say ‘I’m looking for ‘How To Kill a Mockingbird’ (instead of ’To Kill a Mockingbird’ or ‘Angry Grapes’ instead of ’The Grapes of Wrath’.”

3. THEY CAN SPOT THE BOOKWORMS FROM A MILE AWAY.

Just browsing? Bookstore workers can tell. “Cookbooks is one of the sections where that happens the most,” says Orphan. “Art books and cookbooks. The people who are going to buy books, I can tell by the way they look at them, touch them, start carrying them around in a stack. I can always tell when people come up who is going to buy a book and who isn’t.”

4. THEY KNOW WHEN YOU’RE “SHOWROOMING.”

In recent years, some brick-and-mortar stores have fallen victim to online outlets like Amazon which often offer the same books for a lower price. Some customers will browse for books they like, only to buy it later online, and they’re not very sly about it. “They’ll come in and use their phone to take a picture of the cover and barcode and just use the bookstore as the Amazon showroom,” says Keith Edmunds, a former bookstore owner. “It was awful. Seeing people do that was the height of ignorance.”

5. AND WHEN YOU’RE PLAYING THE SYSTEM.

“Some regulars would buy books one or two at a time and then within the two-week return window bring them back and be like, ‘I bought the wrong book,’” said Kat Chin, who worked at The World’s Biggest Bookstore in Toronto for five years. “You’d know they read them because you could see the book was a little bit worn or the spine was cracked.”

6. THE GOAL IS TO GET BOOKS IN YOUR HANDS.

One trick to get customers to commit to a book is to physically put the book in their hands and have them flip through it. “You can direct them to a part of the store, but that’s only half of selling a book,” Rodriguez says. “It’s important to get merchandise in people’s hands so they feel there’s already some ownership happening. They say ‘I like the way it looks and feels in my hands and I like the way it smells.’”

7. YOU HAVE TO HUNT FOR THE COFFEE SHOP.

Many bookstores, particularly the bigger ones like Barnes & Noble, have incorporated cafes into their layout. Alex Lifschutz, a London-based architect, told the Economist that putting the coffee shop at the back of the store or, if there are multiple stories, on the top floor, “draws shoppers upwards floor-by-floor, which is bound to encourage people to linger longer and spend more.”

8. THE KIDS SECTION IS STRATEGICALLY LOCATED.

According to Edmunds, the kids books are almost always located at the back of a store. “If the parents want to get a book for the kid they have to go through the whole store,” he says. “They’re hoping the parent will see something they want.”

9. SOMEONE PAID FOR THAT PRIME SHELF REAL ESTATE.

In many big-box stores, publishers pay for good placement on “front tables, end caps and window space, in the same way General Mills and Procter and Gamble buy space for their breakfast cereals and dish detergents in the supermarkets,” Andy Ross, a literary agent, told The Book Deal.

10. AUTHORS, BEWARE THE “SOCIOLOGY” SECTION.

No author wants their book tucked away in the “sociology” section, claims veteran publishing insider Alan Rinzler. It’s “a catchall section for ambiguous titles, and the kiss of death for book sales,” he says.

11. BOOK THIEVES LOVE THE BIBLE.

At The World’s Biggest Bookstore in Toronto, “the Bible was the number one stolen book of all time,” says Chin.

Other frequently stolen books? Japanese comics (called Manga), expensive medical books, and Kurt Vonnegut’s work. Chin also says Haruki Murakami books were so frequently stolen that her bookstore had to take them off the shelves, only bringing them out when they were specifically requested.

12. EMPLOYEES HATE WHEN YOU LEAVE BOOKS WHERE THEY DON’T BELONG.

“Neatening up a bookstore is a daunting process,” says Demi Marshall, a bookseller in Austin, Texas. The next time you pluck a book from its designated shelf slot, put it back when you’re done. Otherwise, “it’s like if you go to a clothing store and unfold all the clothes and then put them back on the shelf but don’t fold them,” Chin says.

13. AND WHEN YOU TREAT THE STORE LIKE YOUR LIBRARY.

“It’s nice to be able to go in and read maybe a chapter to see if you’re gonna like the book,” Chin says. “But then when you sit and read the whole book and put it back on the shelf, it gets grubby.” You’ll know a bookstore is trying to nudge you out the door if multiple employees drop by to ask if you need any help. “We would quietly pester people,” says Caleb Saenz, who used to work at Barnes & Noble. “I was at my peak passive aggressive phase when I was working at a bookstore.”

14. THE INTERNET HAS ACTUALLY BEEN A GOOD THING.

Before the Internet became ubiquitous, the process of looking up a book for a customer was daunting. “We had to look it up in ‘Books In Print’ which is a multi-volume, 4-inch thick, hardcover book,” says Liz Prouty, who owns Second Looks Books in Maryland with her husband, Richard Due. “It was a slow and cumbersome process and if anything was indexed wrong or a customer had the first word of a title wrong, you were out of luck.”

15. IT’S ALSO MADE US LOVE BOOKS MORE.

Some thought the e-book would surely spell the death of the bookstore. But many independent sellers say digitization has actually made people crave physical books more. “I’ve noticed in the last couple of years, so many people come in waxing rhapsodic about the smell of books, the feel of books,” says Prouty. “And they say it more now because the alternatives exist. People are deeply attached to the old-fashioned books.”

16. SOME BOOKSELLERS CAN IDENTIFY BOOKS BY THEIR SMELL.

Especially used booksellers. “These Penguins have their own particular odor,” Cohen says. That odor? Vanilla. Others might smell like almond or coffee.

17. BOOKSELLERS AREN’T IN IT FOR THE MONEY.

In fact, most of them have second jobs or need monetary support from family members. “It is definitely a work of passion for everyone that I know,” Marshall says. “We don’t do it for the money, we don’t do it because we have any power or prestige. It’s genuinely just that we love books and we love getting them into people’s hands.”

source: mentalfloss

Can you match the book genres and their definition?

Key

1. e. 2. d. 3. a. 4. c. 5. b.

Almost everybody’s first name means something. Adam means “man,” as do Charles, Karl, and even Charlotte. Deborah and Melissa both mean “honeybee.” Hilary means “hilarious.” William means “desire-helmet.”  Sometimes, however, through some quirk of etymology—and sometimes entirely by coincidence—first names like these find their way into the dictionary as words in their own right, and end up ultimately taking on whole new meanings in the language.

1. ABIGAIL

In the Old Testament, Abigail is described as “a woman of good understanding and beautiful countenance.” Her husband Nabal, on the other hand, is “churlish and evil,” and when he offends a group of King David’s men, Abigail tries to defuse the situation by offering her services as David’s personal handmaiden. After Nabal discovers what his wife has done, he promptly dies of a heart attack, leaving David free to marry Abigail and make her Queen of Israel. Leaving the Biblical soap opera aside, it’s Abigail’s selflessness and her willingness to offer herself into the king’s service that led to her name ending up in the dictionary as a byword for a female servant or handmaiden.

2. ANDREW

Derived from Greek, Andrew is another first name that simply means “man,” making it an etymological cousin of words like anthropology, androgeny, and philanthropy. In this literal sense, Andrew has been used since the early 18th century in English as another name for a manservant or assistant (the male equivalent of an Abigail), while a merry-andrew is an old 17th century name for a court jester or clown.

3. ANNA

Anna is an old Hindi word for a coin worth 1/16th of an Indian rupee that, during the British rule of India in the 19th century, dropped into colloquial English as a nickname for a small portion of something. Anna is also the name of a species of hummingbird native to the Pacific coast of North America, named for the wife of amateur naturalist François Massena, Duke of Rivoli (1799-1863), who discovered it in the early 19th century.

4. AVA

As well as being the name of a Polynesian liquor (in which case it’s pronounced “aah-va,” not “ay-va”), ava is also an old Scots word meaning “above all” or “in particular,” formed simply from the words “of all” running together over time. In this sense, it appears fairly regularly in 18th and 19th century Scottish literature, most notably in the works of the Scots poet Robert Burns.

5. EMMA

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, emma can be used “in telephone communications and in the oral transliteration of code” to represent the letter M. Originally used only in military contexts, after the First World War emma—along with a handful of others, like pip (P), ack (A), and toc (T)—slipped into occasional use in everyday English. So when P.G. Wodehouse wrote of “twelve pip emma” in A Pelican At Blandings (1969), he was referring to 12pm.

6. ERIC

An eric is a “blood-fine,” namely compensation paid by an attacker or murderer to his victim or victim’s family. Derived from an old Irish word, eiric, this tradition of quite literally paying for your crimes dates back into ancient history in its native Ireland but wasn’t encountered in English until the 16th century, when the English playwright Edmund Spenser explained in his Two Histories of Ireland (1599) that, “in the case of murder, the judge would compound between the murderer and the friends of the party murdered … that the malefactor shall give unto them, or to the child or wife of him that is slain, a recompense, which they call an erick.”

7. GEORGE

A George can be a loaf of bread, a one-year prison sentence, a kind of wig, an earthenware jug or bowl, an aircraft’s autopilot system, and an expression of surprise. It can also be any one of a number of coins and currencies, including a dollar bill or a quarter, both of which depict George Washington; an old English guinea, issued during the reigns of George I, George II, and George III; and a Tudor coin or “noble,” worth around 80 pence, which bore an image of St. George.

8. HARRY

As a verb, harry means to pester or attack, but it can also be used to mean to lay waste to something, to drag or pull something around roughly, and even to steal eggs from a bird’s nest. In the 18th century, it was also a nickname for a country bumpkin or “a rude boor” according to one Victorian dictionary, while in the Middle Ages it was used as a rider’s call to spur a horse forward.

9. HELENA

In Greek mythology, Helen (or Helena in Latin) was the sister of Castor and Pollux, the twin brothers who inspired the constellation Gemini and gave their names to its two brightest stars. Among sailors in Tudor England, the twins’ names came to be used of dual shooting stars or mysterious flashes of light seen at sea, while a single light or “corposant”—a glowing electrical haze seen around the mast of a ship during a thunderstorm—was nicknamed a Helena.

10. HENRY

The henry is the SI unit of electrical inductance. If you’re a physicist you’ll need to know that one henry is equal to the inductance of a circuit in which an electromotive force of one volt is produced by a current changing at the rate of one ampere per second. If you’re not a physicist, all you need to know that it was named in honor of the American scientist Joseph Henry (1797-1878).

11. ISABELLA

Also called isabelline, Isabella is the name of a greyish shade of pale yellow often used to describe the color of sandy-haired horses, or else encountered in the names of creatures like the Isabelline shrike and the Isabella tiger moth. How it came to earn its name is debatable, but one popular anecdote claims that it comes from Isabella of Austria, a 17th century archduchess whose father, Philip II of Spain, besieged the Belgian city of Ostend in 1601. According to the tale, Isabella was so confident of her father’s military prowess that she jokingly announced that she intended not to change her clothes until the siege was ended. Unfortunately for her, it went on to last another three years, and ultimately her name came to be associated with the yellowish, slightly off-white color of dirty underwear. Sadly, this tale has since been proven entirely untrue as the Oxford English Dictionary have now traced the earliest record of Isabella to one year before the siege even took place, when a “rounde gowne of Isabella-colour satten set with silver spangles” was listed in an inventory of the contents of Queen Elizabeth I’s wardrobe in 1600.

12. JACOB

The Biblical tale of Jacob’s ladder—a vast staircase to Heaven, dreamt of by Jacob in the Book of Genesis (28:10-19)—led to criminals who used ladders to break into houses being nicknamed jacobs in 19th century slang.

13. JAMES

Gim or jimp is an old Tudor word variously used to mean “smart,” “elegant,” or “befitting.” In the 18th century, gim became gimmy or jemmy, which was used to describe anything particularly dextrous or well-designed for its purpose. Based on this, in the early 19th century, criminals began nicknaming their housebreaking tools jemmies, and because “Jemmy” is an old pet form of James, james came to be used as another name for a crowbar in Victorian English. (It’s also an old name for a boiled sheep’s head served as a meal, but where that association came from is anyone’s guess.)

14. JESSE

In the Old Testament, the prophet Isaiah predicts that “there shall come forth a rod out of the stem of Jesse, and a branch shall grow out of his roots, and the spirit of the Lord shall rest upon him” (11:1-2). His words are usually interpreted as prophesizing that one of Jesse’s descendants will one day become a divinely ordained ruler, and true enough the New Testament Gospel of Matthew lists Jesse as the great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-great-grandfather of Jesus. Based on Isaiah’s prophecy, in the Middle Ages, the name Jesse became another word for a family tree or a genealogical diagram, while his line that “there shall come forth a rod out of Jesse” apparently inspired the Victorian schoolyard phrase to catch Jesse or to give someone Jesse, which meant to be caned.

15. JOHN

Of all first names to have found their way into the dictionary, John is probably the most fruitful. It can refer to a policeman, a butler or a manservant, a priest, an Englishman, a toilet, a signature, a plant, an unknown or otherwise unnamed person, a cuckold or hen-pecked husband, and even the client of a prostitute. The vast majority of all these meanings are probably derived from nothing more than the fact that John is such a common name, but its use as another name for a policeman is based on an English corruption of the French gendarme, while as a signature it’s famously derived from John Hancock, the Governor of Massachusetts whose elaborately written name dwarfs all of the others on the Declaration of Independence.

16. LUKE

Luke is a 13th century word essentially meaning “moderately” or “half-heartedly.” So as well as being lukewarm, you can be luke-hot and luke-hearted. Lukeness is an old 15th century word for indifference or apathy.

17. MATILDA

The Australian folksong Waltzing Matilda tells the story of an itinerant “swagman” (traveller) who sets up camp “by a billabong,” “under the shade of a coolabah tree.” There he steals and kills a “jumbuck” (sheep), before drowning himself when the “squatter” (sheep-farmer) and three “troopers” (policemen) confront him. It ends with the famous line, “and his ghost may be heard as you pass by that billabong: ‘Who’ll come a-waltzing Matilda with me?’” The song is renowned for its use of traditional Australian vocabulary, including the two words in its title: Here waltzing doesn’t mean dancing, but rather wandering or journeying, and Matilda isn’t the name of the swagman’s sweetheart, but his backpack.

18. MOLLY

A molly can be a fruit-picker’s basket, an Irishwoman, a prostitute or working class woman, a weak or effeminate man (the molly in mollycoddle, incidentally), and, in 18th century slang at least, a man who “concerns himself with women’s affairs.” It’s also a nickname for the northern fulmar, a seabird of the Arctic, Atlantic, and North Pacific Oceans, in which case it probably derives from an old Dutch word, mallemok, meaning “foolish gull.”

19. REBECCA

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the girl’s name Rebecca can be used as a verb to mean “to demolish a gate.” In this sense it derives from the Rebecca Riots, a series of demonstrations in southwest Wales in the early 1840s in which groups of so-called “Rebecca gangs” attacked and demolished a series of tollgates in protest at the high charges being imposed. The gangs took their name from the Old Testament’s Rebecca, who is blessed with the words “let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them” in the Book of Genesis (24:60).

20. ROBERT

Robert is an old English nickname for the European robin or “robin redbreast,” probably derived from a corruption of the Dutch nickname rode-baard, meaning “red-beard.” It’s also an early 20th century nickname for a restaurant waiter, in which case it comes from a series of comic tales published in Punch magazine in the late 1800s written by the Victorian writer J.T. Bedford (1812-1900) under the pseudonym “Robert, A City Waiter.”

21. SAM

No one quite knows why, but in 19th century American slang, to stand Sam meant to settle a bill, or to pay for someone else’s food or drink. As a verb, sam is also an old English dialect word meaning to clot or thicken, or to come together as a group.

22. SARAH

Sarah is 1950s military slang for a portable radio used by pilots who have been forced to crash-land to transmit their position to rescue ships and other aircraft. It’s an acronym of “search and rescue and homing.”

23. STEVEN

Steven is an old English dialect word for your voice, ultimately derived from the Old English word for a command or order, stefn. It can also be used to mean a great outcry or raucous argument, while to do something in one steven means to do it in absolute agreement with everyone else.

24. TOBY

For some unknown reason, toby is an old 17th century slang name for the buttocks. It’s also the name of a type of pottery jug bearing a grotesque caricature, a cheap cigar, a machine used to print designs on textiles, and a type of pleated collar popular in the 19th century. Among Victorian criminals toby was also a slang name for a road—highway robbery was nicknamed the toby concern, while to ply the toby meant to rob coaches or travellers on horseback.

25. TONY

Tony was a reddish-brown color popular amongst fashion designers and dressmakers in the 1920s and ’30s. Before that, in the late 19th century it was used an adjective to mean “stylish” or “smart,” presumably in the sense of something striking a good “tone.”

26. VICTORIA

Victoria is the Latin word for victory, which in the Middle Ages was “employed as a shout of triumph,” according to the Oxford English Dictionary. The name has since also been applied to a golden sovereign minted in the 19th century, a species of domestic pigeon, a type of water lily, a woollen fabric, a type of plum, and a two-seater horse-drawn carriage with a collapsible roof, all of which are named in honor of Queen Victoria.

Can you match the names with their definition? Think of the most common meaning of the words.

Key:

1. f.

2. j.

3. h.

4. b.

5. l.

6. a.

7. c.

8. m.

9. d.

10. g.

11. i.

12. e.

13. k.

14. s.

15. z.

16. n.

17. t.

18. u.

19. q.

20. r.

21. y.

22. x.

23. o.

24. v.

25. p.

26. w.