He once said, “For my part, I consider that it will be found much better by all parties to leave the past to history, especially as I propose to write that history myself.”  and  “History is written by the victors.” Mission accomplished. He was the victor of his time and certainly led Britain to victory at a time of need.

His life

He was born on November 30th, 1874 in Oxfordshire, England. He was actually born in a room in Blenheim Palace. His parents were wealthy aristocrats. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a politician holding many high offices in the British government. His mother, Jennie Jerome, was American.

He was a bad student when he was a child. He was educated at the Harrow school, where he performed so poorly that he did not even bother to apply to Oxford or Cambridge. Instead, in 1893 young Winston Churchill headed off to military school at Sandhurst. It was only at the third attempt that he managed to pass the entrance examination to the Royal Military College. Upon graduation he joined the British cavalry. He travelled to many places with the military working as a newspaper correspondent, writing stories about battles and military life.

During the Second Boer War in South Africa, Winston Churchill was captured and became a prisoner of war. He managed to escape through a bathroom window. As a result, he became something of a hero in Britain for a while. As a war reporter, he spent his 21st birthday in Cuba, acquiring two lifelong habits there – siestas and Havana cigars. He had a long siesta every day during World War II, and he said it enabled him to cope with the pressure.

In 1900 Churchill was elected to Parliament. He joined the House of Commons as a Conservative and delivered his first speech in 1901. He had a lisp and overcame this with diligent preparation. He always used detailed notes when he spoke. Four years later, he became a Liberal. Over the next 30 years he held a number of different offices in the government. He worked on progressive social reforms such as an eight-hour workday, a government-mandated minimum wage and a system of public health insurance.

In 1908 he married Clementine Hozier. He proposed to her in the Temple of Diana overlooking the lake at Blenheim Palace where they were sheltering from the rain. They got married in Westminster on 12 September 1908.

“I do not love and never will love any woman in the world but you.” – he wrote to his wife in 1909. Five children were born from their marriage.

In 1911, Churchill turned his attention away from domestic politics. Noting that Germany was growing more powerful, he began to prepare Britain for war: He established the Royal Naval Air Service, modernized the British fleet and invented one of the earliest tanks.

At the outbreak of World War II, he became First Lord of the Admiralty in command of the Royal Navy. At that time the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, wanted to appease Germany and Hitler. Churchill knew this would not work and warned the government that they needed to help fight Hitler or Hitler would soon take over all of Europe. As Germany continued to advance, the country lost confidence in Chamberlain. Finally, Chamberlain resigned and Winston Churchill was chosen to be his successor as Prime Minister on May 10, 1940.

“I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat,” Churchill said in his first speech as Prime Minister. “We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us;  You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.” Just as Churchill predicted, the road to victory was long and difficult: France fell to the Nazis in June 1940. In July, German fighter planes began three months of devastating air raids on Britain. Though the future looked grim, Churchill did all he could to keep British spirits high. He gave stirring speeches in Parliament and on the radio. He inspired the country to keep fighting despite the bad circumstances. He also helped to forge an alliance of Allied Powers with the Soviet Union and the United States. With the Allies’ help the British were able to hold off Hitler. After a long and brutal war they were able to defeat the Germans.

After the war, Churchill’s party lost the election and he was no longer Prime Minister. He was still a major leader in the government, however. In 1951, 77-year-old Winston Churchill became Prime Minister for the second time. He retired from the post in 1955. In 1953, Queen Elizabeth made Winston Churchill a knight of the Order of the Garter. He died in 1965, one year after retiring from Parliament. He was 90 years old.

World leaders and dignitaries gathered for his funeral service. Huge silent crowds lined the streets to pay their respects as his coffin travelled through central London to St Paul’s Cathedral. Millions more around the world watched as the BBC broadcast the events live.

In the floor of Westminster Abbey in London, visitors can see a simple stone slab with the words: ‘Remember Winston Churchill’.

Some interesting facts about Churchill

• He was an MP for over 60 years.

• In his long life he lived through two world wars. He saw the first cars, the first planes, and the first astronauts in space. He was present at the crowning of Elizabeth II as Queen in 1953.

• Churchill was famous for smoking big cigars.  After a while he limited the number of cigars he smoked to fifteen a day. A Cuban cigar is named in his honour.

• His nickname was Winnie.

• In 2002 Churchill was voted the greatest ever Briton.

• Though he lived a very long life, as a youth he was prone to accidents. He once suffered a concussion and ruptured a kidney while throwing himself off a bridge. Later he nearly drowned in a Swiss lake, fell several times from horses, dislocated his shoulder while disembarking from a ship, crashed a plane while learning to fly and was hit by a car when he looked the wrong way to cross New York’s Fifth Avenue.

• He was an incredibly emotional man. He often broke down into sobs during meetings when he got bad news. In many of his broadcast speeches he can be heard holding back tears.

• In 1963, US President John F. Kennedy proclaimed Churchill an Honorary Citizen of the USA. Churchill and Mother Teresa are the only people made honorary US citizens during their lifetimes.

• Churchill suffered from a speech impediment. He rehearsed phrases like “The Spanish ships I cannot see for they are not in sight” which was intended to cure his problem.

• He had a farm where all the animals became pets because he couldn’t bear to send them to market.

•  

Interesting Churchill quotes

“I am easily satisfied with the very best.”

“I like pigs. Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals.”

“For myself, I am an optimist—it does not seem to be much use being anything else.”

“You have enemies? Good. That means you’ve stood up for something, sometime in your life.”

“Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen.”

“Attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.”

“Personally, I’m always ready to learn, although I do not always like being taught.”

… ha szeretnél még jobban elmélyedni Nagy-Britannia történetében és szokásaiban, ajánlom egyik kedvenc ebbe a kategóriába tartozó könyvemet neked:

These eye-opening images bring the devastation of the Blitz into the modern world. As a nation reflects on the 70th anniversary of one of the most brutal examples of ‘total war’ these montages blend vintage black and white shots of the carnage of 1940 with colour images of the same locations today. One image shows a huge crater next to the Bank of England in London – perfectly merged with the same location as it looks today to bring home the dangers and privations that affected every Londoner – and indeed the inhabitants of most of Britain’s major towns and cities.

Well-dressed businessmen from seven decades ago are seen discussing the damage in the foreground, while modern city slickers pass by oblivious to the carnage that once took place where they now walk. Another striking fused photograph shows in black and white how workers repaired a huge hole in the pavement just yards from Buckingham Palace. Meanwhile the outer edges of the picture show tourists visiting the royal landmark more recently. A black and white shot of  Newton Street in Birmingham, near near to the city’s Children’s Hospital reveals the snaking lines of firemen’s hoses in the aftermath of an aerial incendiary bombardment on the Second City framed by a contemporary colour image of the same scene. In Bristol, firemen in 1942 try to retrieve a car that has plunged into a crater in the centre of city road Park Street, creating an eerie juxtaposition as they are surrounded by current day shoppers going about their business, unaware of the devastation that once brought Britain’s cities almost to their knees.

Függelék
THE BLITZ: THE TERROR FROM THE SKIES
The Blitz began on September 7, 1940, on a glorious sunny afternoon. "All of a sudden, on the skyline coming up the Thames were black specks like swarms of flies, weaving their way through puffs of smoke," recalled Robert Baltrop, who witnessed the attack, in Juliet Gardiner’s book The Blitz: The British Under Attack. "I began to hear loud thumps, and those were bombs falling, and clouds of smoke were rising up — clouds of black smoke floating away until you couldn’t see anything but a huge bank of smoke, and still they were coming."

Before then people hadn’t really bothered carrying gas masks and air raid warnings were seen as a bit of an inconvenience. But that was all to change for the next harrowing eight months. The precursor to the raid had been when on August 24 of that year the Luftwaffe offloaded, believed to be in error, seven or eight bombs over London.

This, however, gave Winston Churchill the chance to order raids on Berlin and then came the German retaliation. The relentless aerial bombardment came to be known as ‘the Blitz’ after the German word ‘Blitzkrieg’, meaning lightning war. In addition to London’s streets, several other UK cities – targeted as hubs of the island’s industrial and military capabilities – were battered by Luftwaffe bombs including Glasgow, Liverpool, Exeter, Cardiff, Belfast and Southampton and many others.

In London the City and the East End bore the brunt of the bombing with the course of the Thames being used to guide German bombers. Londoners came to expect heavy raids during full-moon periods and these became known as ‘bombers’moons’.

Hitler intended to demoralise the country before launching an invasion using his naval and ground forces. The Blitz claimed the lives of 30,000 Londoners and ended on May 16, 1941.

Daily Mail

Vocabulary
eye-opening – szemnyitógató (élmény)
devastation – pusztítás, rombolás
anniversary – évforduló
carnage – mészárlás
privation – nyomor
foreground – előtér
slicker – "dörzsölt" fickó
oblivious – könnyen felejtő
aftermatch – következmény
incendiary – gyújtó
bombardment – bombázás
eerie – titokzatos, hátborzongató
juxtaposition – melléhelyezés