The organization of different departments or business units within a company is called corporate or company structure. This structure can differ significantly between companies depending on the industry and the company’s specific goals.

Company structure

Departments within a company usually perform a distinct function, while they are also collaborating with each other. Some of the most important departments usually include Accounting and Finance, IT, Human Resource, Marketing, Research and Development, and Production.

There are four general types of traditional organizational structures: functional, divisional, matrix, and flat. Nowadays with the emergence of the digital marketplace, decentralized and team-based structures are also becoming more widespread and important.

A functional company structure means that people are grouped together based on their specialty (such as finance, marketing, operations, top management, HR etc.). The specialty in this regard is a certain similarity in their skill sets, tasks and accountabilities. In a structure like this, group members can easily communicate and learn from each other, hopefully leading to an efficient decision-making process.

In a divisional structure, workers are grouped in teams based on the projects they work on. A common example is geographical structure, where divisions in different regions are built to operate in a specific location. A division is an autonomous section of the company where each section has its own top executive and its own structure. Small businesses rarely use a divisional structure.

A matrix structure is a more complex system, it combines elements of the divisional and functional models.  It groups people into functional departments of specialization, but further separates them into divisional projects. Team members are given more autonomy and responsibility in this type of structure, which increases productivity and supports creativity and innovation. A matrix structure, though, may have its own problem areas, since it is a more complex system that can also prove to be less efficient. A company that operates in various geographical regions with various products may profit from the matrix structure, because development teams and geographical interaction specialists may need to work together more closely.

A flat company structure is the opposite of the traditional top-down management system of most companies. To put it briefly, there is no “boss”, management is decentralized. Each employee is the boss of themselves communicating directly with others. This structure allows a more straightforward working relationship and it eliminates bureaucracy aiming to make the company quicker in decisions and more efficient in communication.

Tall and flat companies

Besides these models, there are also other factors that define the structure of an organization. The key term is the chain of command, the system by which instructions are passed from one person to another within the company. Depending on the chain of command, the structure could be either vertical or horizontal, as well as centralized or decentralized. Vertical structures usually have a CEO at the top of the company who delegates authority to mid-level and lower-level managers. Horizontal (or flat) companies do not have middle-managers and everyone gets involved in daily tasks. Within a centralized organizational structure, the decisions and the directions of the company are decided by one person. In decentralized organizational structures, people working at the company have a certain autonomy at each level; they may also join the decision-making process.  

Future trends

The digital era has had a great impact on corporate structure as well. The successful organizations of the future will be those that can adapt more quickly and embrace dynamic career demands. The trend seems to be towards a flatter, decentralized organizational structure. These transformations are very much influenced by technological changes, since they improve efficiency, change the job landscape, restructure departments and modify the requirements that certain position have within the company.

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Vállalati osztályok és pozíciók

Salary and wage

Generally speaking, people who get paid a “salary” get their money monthly. They get the same amount each month regardless of the number of hours they work in the given month. This fixed regular payment is often expressed as an annual sum: “She received a salary of £42,000.”

Wage, on the other hand, is a fixed regular payment that is earned for work or services. It is typically paid on a daily or weekly basis. The more hours the employee works, the more money they will make. “Wages” usually refers to the actual sum of money that a person makes, while “wage” is a more abstract idea: “What’s the minimum wage in the UK nowadays?”, “The company is considering cutting wages due to financial problems.”

Pay vocabulary

There are a number of compound words with the word “pay”. Back pay is money owed to the employee by the employer for work done which has not yet been paid. A pay cut is a reduction in the amount of money one is given, while a pay rise is an increase in pay.

Gross pay refers to all the money the employer pays before any deductions are taken out. Net pay is the amount the employee earns after deductions, such as social security, pensions, tax, health insurance etc. A pay scale is a range of different pay rates which people will receive depending on various factors, such as their grade in the company, the number of years they have spent at the company, their qualifications, the languages they speak etc.

Equal pay means that men and women get the same pay for doing the same job. Equal pay is a concept of labour rights. It is used to bridge the gender pay gap, the average difference between a man’s and a woman’s remuneration. Equal pay relates to the full range of benefits and payments.

Employees usually receive an itemized pay statement at the beginning or end of each month. It contains a detailed breakdown of the pay they have earned and the deductions taken from it. It usually also contains used and remaining vacation days and sick days. 

Performance-related pay (PRP) means that the amount paid depends on the quality and quantity of the work. PRP systems are designed to motivate employees and to align their effort more closely with the aims of the organization. The pay is either financial, or non-financial, such as gift cards or vouchers. 

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Salary vocabulary

A person who gets a salary is a salaried employee. Having a competitive salary means that it is a good one for that particular job. A salary scale is the range of salaries available. When someone starts working, they are usually at the bottom of the salary scale. When someone starts a job, they will receive their initial salary, an amount that is expected to rise later. If the employee needs money, they can ask for a salary advance. The basic salary is the salary before any extras and bonuses. 

To sum up

Pay is a general word to refer to the money one gets from their employer for doing their job. Manual workers are paid wages, or a wage. The plural is used when we are talking about the cash someone receives. Wages are usually paid as a weekly sum. Professional people and office workers receive a salary. It is paid monthly, but we use the annual figure when talking about someone’s salary. The income is all the money received from all sources.

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Nowadays a CV has become an important tool of seeking a job or even finding a better one – if you are building a carreer. With a little effort, you can create a CV that will make you stand out from the other candidates. Here are some tips how to reshape your CV to make it an effective tool for your job-hunt.

1. Know who it’s for!

Be clear about who you are creating your CV for. Know what the role is, who the employer is, exactly what they are looking for. The more you can learn about your target, the better you can tailor your CV specifically for them.

2. Be short and relevant!

Keep your CV short and sharp. Put in relevant information only and use it to highlight the best bits of information about you. Make it a document which causes people to want more.

A beautifully designed and formatted paper CV can make a great impact if handed over in a meeting with prospective employers, recruiters and networking contacts. A shorter (one-page) CV can be more appropriate at industry events – such as conferences – when you might want to give only a brief overview of your career and stand-out achievements. And although a traditional CV and cover letter combination is still the standard job application method, the growing popularity of social networks has made a supplementary, online presence vital in many industries. So, don’t neglect your online presence!

3. Align your online and offline CVs!

Think about your online profile as well as your paper CV. A personal blog or online portfolio is a good way to provide extra information about your background and links to your work. Platforms such as LinkedIn also allow you to embed information via slideshare presentations, files, and multimedia content. These days people search online to find out about you and will expect to see a LinkedIn profile. This is also a great way to be headhunted and found directly by organisations so don’t miss out on this opportunity.

4. Be genuine!

Never lie in your CV. Be true to who you are and what you have done otherwise you risk being caught out and people can usually see through a made-up CV. Make sure that you really want this job and that you know you can do it!

5. Highlight your strengths!

Think about what you are good at and how you can articulate these things in your CV. Stick with your strengths and do not highlight what you feel you may be lacking, weak in or missing out on.

Man: Have you heard? The boss fancies his new assistant.
Woman: Really? How do you know?
Man: Last night I overheard them in the pub. They were planning to meet at the weekend.
Woman: Wow. Good for them. I’m not surprised. She seems to be a nice girl.
Man: A nice girl? Are you kidding? I can spot a gold digger a mile off.
Woman: I wouldn’t be so quick to judge people.
Man: She must be at least 20 years younger!
Woman: They are probably closer in age than you’d imagine. I happen to know that she is divorced with two big kids.
Man: No!
Woman: Yes, and whatever they do at the weekend is none of our business. Live and let live.
Man: You’re probably right. It’s just that I was really shocked. She looks so young. Do you think it’s plastic surgery?
Woman: Jim! She looks younger than she is but stop spreading rumours. You know what people are like, they blow up everything. Don’t you remember what happened after the Christmas party?
Man: How could I forget, with Donna trying to kill me the following day.
Woman: So you’d better drop the subject.

IMPORTANT PHRASES

Have you heard?–  Hallottad?  
How do you know? – Honnan tudod?
Good for them. – Jó nekik.
Are you kidding? – Viccelsz?
I can spot a gold digger a mile off. – Messziről észreveszem, ha valaki csak érdekkapcsolatot akar.
I happen to know …. . – Történetesen tudom, hogy … .
It’s none of our business.– Semmi közünk hozzá.
Live and let live.– Élni és élni hagyni.
You know what people are like. – Tudod, milyenek az emberek.
How could I forget! – Hogy is felejthetném el!
Drop the subject!– Ne foglalkozz vele! Ejtsd a témát!

Healthcare Centre: Thank you for calling Medipoint Healthcare Centre. How can I help you?
Emily: Hello. Emily Woods calling. I have a terrible headache and I wonder if Dr Brinkman has some time to see me this afternoon.
Healthcare Centre: I’m sorry Ms Woods but Dr Brinkman is booked for this afternoon. Can I put you in for 2 pm tomorrow? How does that sound?
Emily: That would be fine.
Healthcare Centre: I’ll have to give you the address of our new office.
Emily: Oh, that’s right. You moved your office last month.
Healthcare Centre: Yes, we moved downtown. Do you have a pen?
Emily: Could you hold on a second? Okay, go ahead.
Healthcare Centre: Okay, we are at 327 Balkan Avenue. The office is on the ground floor.
Emily: Thank you. I’ll see you tomorrow then.
Healthcare Centre: Thank you for calling. See you tomorrow.
Emily: Thank you. Bye!

USEFUL PHRASES – HASZNOS MONDATOK

Thank you for calling Medipoint Healthcare Centre. – Köszönjük, hogy a Medipoint Healthcare Központot hívta!
How can I help you? – Miben segíthetek?
Hello. Emily Woods calling. – Hello. Itt Emily Woods beszél.
I have a terrible headache – Szörnyű fejfájásom van
and I wonder if Dr Brinkman has some time to see me this afternoon. – és szeretném tudni, hogy Dr Brinkman tudna-e fogadni ma délután.
I’m sorry Ms Woods but Dr Brinkman is booked for this afternoon. – Sajnálom Ms Woods, de Dr Brinkman teljesen be van táblázva ma délutánra.
Can I put you in for 2 pm tomorrow? – Holnap délután 2 óra megfelelő lenne Önnek? (szó szerint: Holnap délután 2 órára betehetem?)
How does that sound? – Ez hogy hangzik?
That would be fine. – Az jó lenne.
I’ll have to give you the address of our new office. – Meg kell, hogy adjam az új irodánk címét.
Oh, that’s right. – Oh, így van.
You moved your office last month. – Múlt hónapban elköltözött az irodájuk.
Yes, we moved downtown. – Igen, a belvárosba költöztünk.
Do you have a pen? – Van tolla?
Could you hold on a second? – Tudná tartan egy pillanatra?
Okay, go ahead. – Rendben, mondhatja.
Okay, we are at 327 Balkan Avenue. – Rendben, a Balkan Avenue 327 szám alatt vagyunk.
The office is on the ground floor. – Az iroda a földszinten van.
Thank you. – Köszönöm.
I’ll see you tomorrow then. – Holnap találkozunk akkor.
Thank you for calling. – Köszönjük a hívását.
See you tomorrow. – A holnapi viszontlátásra.
Thank you. – Köszönöm.
Bye! – Viszontlátásra!

What’s the difference between business casual and regular business attire?

A business casual dress code is like regular business wear but with a few minor changes that make outfits more relaxed. Smart, unlike informal, business outfits include suits and ties. But when you dress casually, you adopt a slightly more laid-back approach.

Nonetheless, when you choose casual business wear, it’s best not to take your favorite slouchy outfit out of the wardrobe and hope to rock your style at the office.

Above all, avoid flip-flops, open-toed sandals, shorts, ripped jeans, and T-shirts with offensive slogans or stains. Also, steer clear of clothing that’s too tight, short, or revealing.

If you are about to start a new job, note what other employees at the company wore when you attended your interview. You can also check whether the business you work for has its casual dress code guidelines printed online if they have a website.

Business casual dress code basics

Typically, business casual dress code basics for men include:

• Neutral-colored, button-down short sleeve shirts
• Sweaters
• Collared shirts
• Sports coats
• Semi-formal pants, dark navy or black jeans, and dress slacks
• Loafers, lace-up shoes, and dark leather shoes

Business casual dress code basics for women include:

• Pencil skirts
• Dress pants
• Knee-length skirts
• Elegant shirts and vests
• Blazers
• Turtlenecks
• Casual dresses
• Block color sheath dresses

While dressing to abide by a business casual dress code isn’t rocket science, it can be confusing. For example, there’s a fine line between acceptable informal wear and clothing a company might consider too laid-back. If in doubt, ask if there’s a company policy regarding suitable casual work clothes. You’ll appear conscientious, and you will also know for sure what’s expected of you.

A JOB INTERVIEW – A PART-TIME JOB

Man: Hello, Maureen, nice to meet you.
Woman: Hello Mr. Radfield, nice to meet you.
Man: So you’re interested in working as a waitress. Why should I hire you?
Woman: I had a summer job as a waitress the past two years in our local café and I believe I did well. I put the owner, Mrs Fox down in the references section on my CV.
Man: How many hours would you like to work?
Woman: The position you advertised is an evening part-time job. I would be happy to work Monday to Friday.
Man: Restaurants are at their busiest Friday and Saturday nights. Could you do Saturdays?
Woman: I’m sure I can manage Saturdays during the summer but I’ll be at college starting from September. Is there any chance of swapping two workdays for Saturday? I’m sure you’ll understand that I also need to do some coursework and that would be impossible if I have to work 6 evenings out of 7.
Man: I’ll have to think this over. Now tell me about a major problem you recently handled.
Woman: Last year we had a difficult client who sent back a perfectly good pizza for some reason. I offered him a tea and a biscuit on the house while he was waiting for the new pizza. Luckily, that calmed him down, as I hoped.
Man: Did you ask the manager if you were allowed to offer anything on the house?
Woman: There was no time, he was just about to start shouting. But it turned out to be the right decision.

So you’re interested in working as a waitress. – Szóval pincérnőként szeretne dolgozni.
Why should I hire you? – Miért kellene felvennem (pont Önt)?
I put the owner, Mrs Fox down in the references section on my CV. – Az önéletrajzomban a referenciák közé beírtam a tulajdonost, Mrs. Foxot.
The position you advertised is an evening part-time job. – A meghirdetett állás egy esti részmunkaidős állás.
I’ll have to think this over.  – Ezt még át kell gondolnom.
Now tell me about a major problem you recently handled. – Most pedig meséljen egy nagyobb problémáról, amit nemrégiben kellett megoldania.

A JOB INTERVIEW – A FULL-TIME JOB

Woman: Hello Jim, I’m glad you could come at such short notice.
Man: Hello Ms Diaz. Luckily, I was in town today – sorry I’m not dressed appropriately, I wasn’t expecting an interview. I’m completely aware of office dress codes.
Woman: No problem, I understand. After your internship last summer we were really glad to receive your application.
Man: I really enjoyed working here last year and now I have my degree I’m looking for a proper job.
Woman: Based on your previous experience we can offer you a full-time position starting the first of next month.
Man: I had a taste of how this company works last year. What are the responsibilities of this position?
Woman: For the month of August you’d be doing the same job as last year. You can take over during the month of September from Claire, the Finance Department secretary. You do remember her, don’t you? She’s going on maternity leave.
Man: Is overtime expected?
Woman: Not at all, except during the yearly budget review.
Man: I am definitely interested. Can I have some more details, please?

I’m glad you could come at such short notice. – Örülök, hogy ilyen rövid időn belül el tudott jönni.
I’m completely aware of office dress codes. – Teljesen tisztában vagyok az irodai öltözködési szabályokkal.
After your internship last summer we were really glad to receive your application. – A tavaly nyári szakmai gyakorlata után nagyon örültünk a jelentkezésének.
I really enjoyed working here last year and now I have my degree I’m looking for a proper job.  – Tavaly nagyon szerettem itt dolgozni, és most, hogy megvan a diplomám, keresek egy rendes állást.
Based on your previous experience we can offer you a full-time position starting the first of next month. – Az eddigi tapasztalatai alapján teljes munkaidős állást tudunk felajánlani Önnek a jövő hónap első napjától.
What are the responsibilities of this position? – Milyen feladatok vannak ebben a pozícióban?
Is overtime expected? – Várható túlóra?
Not at all, except during the yearly budget review. – Egyáltalán nem, kivéve az éves költségvetés felülvizsgálata során.

It’s not necessarily your fault, various circumstances can lead to it. In this Covid-stricken world, these are usually economic circumstances. If you work in tourism, or in the entertainment or hospitality industry you probably go through difficult times and have to reconsider your options. We don’t know when or if things get back to near normal. Until then people have to survive somehow in the economic sense of the word, too. If you find yourself without income or with just a fraction of your previous income to live on it may be sensible to try to find a different job option for the time being. It’s not a tragedy if it’s not something you’ve trained for and have done all your life. Unusual times call for unusual methods and sometimes it can be beneficial to try something new even if you hadn’t planned on a change.

The first step to find a new job is usually sending in your CV and then comes a job interview. Under normal circumstances, it’s a face-to-face interview but currently, most of the job interviews take place online on zoom or other similar platforms. To make a good impression on your potential employer you have to be prepared. Research the field and the company and know exactly why you would like to work for them. It’s worth investing time into clarifying your best selling points and merits, and stating what makes you the best candidate for the job. Be as enthusiastic as you possibly can. The interviewer should see that you’re really interested in the job. There are always more candidates for positions than there are openings, so interviewers look for ways to screen people out. Put yourself in their shoes and ask yourself why they might not want to hire you. Then prepare your defence and try to prove to them that you’re indeed the best possible candidate.

Prepare for common interview questions so that you won’t be easily surprised. Think about what kind of questions you’re most likely to encounter, then prepare your answers so you won’t have to fumble for them during the actual interview. Go to the interview with a few intelligent questions to demonstrate for the interviewer your knowledge of the company as well as your serious intent. Interviewers always ask if you have any questions, and you should have one or two ready. If you say, “No, not really,” the interviewer may conclude that you’re not all that interested in the job or the company.

Try to speak confidently and convincingly and make eye contact. Rehearse it before the interview to see how you’ll manage. Record your performance and then play it back to see where you need to improve.

A job interview is a communication process in which both parties have their say. Don’t make the mistake of just sitting there waiting for the interviewer to ask you the questions. Be polite but assertive. It’s your responsibility to make sure the interviewer gets to know about you as much as he or she possibly can.

As for what to wear, most job interviews call for professional, or business attire. For men, this is a suit jacket and trousers with a shirt and tie. For women, a blouse and dress pants or a skirt or a modest dress is appropriate. What you should not wear to a job interview is casual clothing, sandals or flip-flops, poorly fitting clothes, flashy clothes or jewellery, stained or wrinkled clothing, too much makeup and heavy perfume or cologne.

Try to close your interview on a positive note and smile. Even if you feel that your interview didn’t go so well, don’t give up and don’t let it show on you. Finding a job may not be easy but practice makes perfect. The next job interview – if needed – will definitely be a better and a more rewarding experience.